(b Berlin, 8 Dec 1905; d there, 8 Oct 1988). German composer and musicologist. He studied in Berlin and Heidelberg, his teachers including Eisler, Butting and Hindemith. After working against Nazism he went into exile in England (1933-48), where he was active politically, as a composer of film music, and as a musicologist (English Chamber Music, 1946). He returned to Berlin to teach at the Humboldt University (1948-70). He soon became a leading figure in East German music. His works include choral, orchestral and chamber music in a style of passionate commitment to Marxist-Leninist ideals.